World Context: Chad

Source and mapping status

This page maps the site registry entry “Chad” to the supplied dataset entity “Chad.” Mapping status: exact-name. The source is a frozen 2025 snapshot; dates embedded in individual fields remain controlling.

• Source entity count: 1.
• Selected public fields present: 18.
• Independent corroboration in this page: none.

Place and environment

Location: Central Africa, south of Libya Area: total : 1.284 million sq km; land: 1,259,200 sq km; water: 24,800 sq km Climate: tropical in south, desert in north Terrain: broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south Natural hazards: hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues Environmental issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; soil and water pollution from improper waste disposal in rural areas and poor farming practices; desertification

Population, settlement, and language context

Population: total: 19,674,004 (2025 est.); male: 9,756,129; female: 9,917,875 Population distribution: the population is unevenly distributed due to contrasts in climate and physical geography; the highest density is found in the southwest, particularly around Lake Chad and points south; the dry Saharan zone to the north is the least densely populated, as shown in this population distribution map Urbanization: urban population: 24.4% of total population (2023); rate of urbanization: 4.1% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) Languages: French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 languages and dialects

Public and legal context

Capital: name: N'Djamena; geographic coordinates: 12 06 N, 15 02 E; time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time); etymology: said to derive its name from a local word meaning "place of rest" Government type: presidential republic Legal system: mixed system of civil and customary law

Economy and connectivity context

Economic overview: oil-dependent economy challenged by market fluctuations, regional instability, refugee influx, and climate vulnerability; high levels of extreme poverty and food insecurity; recent growth driven by oil and agricultural recovery; debt-restructuring agreement under G20 Common Framework Industries: oil, cotton textiles, brewing, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials Electricity access: electrification - total population: 11.7% (2022 est.); electrification - urban areas: 46.3%; electrification - rural areas: 1.3% Internet users: percent of population: 13% (2023 est.) Airports: 44 (2025)

Interpretation and freshness boundary

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