World Context: Peru

Source and mapping status

This page maps the site registry entry “Peru” to the supplied dataset entity “Peru.” Mapping status: exact-name. The source is a frozen 2025 snapshot; dates embedded in individual fields remain controlling.

• Source entity count: 1.
• Selected public fields present: 19.
• Independent corroboration in this page: none.

Place and environment

Location: Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador Area: total : 1,285,216 sq km; land: 1,279,996 sq km; water: 5,220 sq km Climate: varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes Terrain: western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva) Natural hazards: earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity; volcanism: volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (5,672 m) is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane; see note 2 under "Geography - note" Environmental issues: deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes; overfishing

Population, settlement, and language context

Population: total: 32,768,614 (2025 est.); male: 16,016,448; female: 16,752,166 Population distribution: approximately one third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, contain roughly half of the population; the eastern slopes of the Andes and adjoining rainforest are sparsely populated Urbanization: urban population: 78.9% of total population (2023); rate of urbanization: 1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) Languages: Spanish (official) 82.9%, Quechua (official) 13.6%, Aymara (official) 1.6%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes many minor Amazonian languages) 0.8%, other 0.2%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.7% (2017 est.)

Public and legal context

Capital: name: Lima; geographic coordinates: 12 03 S, 77 03 W; time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time); etymology: the name is an early Spanish mispronunciation of the Quechua name Rimak , referring to a god and deriving from the word rima (to speak); Quechua priests used to speak to worshippers from inside statues of their gods Government type: presidential republic Legal system: civil law system

Economy and connectivity context

Economic overview: upper-middle-income South American economy; strong post-COVID rebound tempered by political uncertainty and climate risks; exports driven by mineral extraction and agriculture; large informal sector and uneven access to public services; stable fiscal position and financial sector Industries: mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish processing, cement, glass, textiles, clothing, food processing, beer, soft drinks, rubber, machinery, electrical machinery, chemicals, furniture Electricity access: electrification - total population: 96.2% (2022 est.); electrification - urban areas: 99%; electrification - rural areas: 85.1% Internet users: percent of population: 80% (2023 est.) Airports: 174 (2025) Ports: total ports: 20 (2024); large: 0; medium: 1; small: 3; very small: 16; ports with oil terminals: 16; key ports: Bahia de Matarani, Iquitos, Puerto del Callao, Talara

Interpretation and freshness boundary

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